The DEM was first introduced by Cundall and Strack and has now become an important numerical tool to investigate granular material. In this approach, the medium is considered to be made from separated or bonded rigid particles. The main data input includes particles physical characteristics such as geometry and friction and also a mechanical equation, i.e. contact law, to relate the deformations with the forces and moments. The DEM includes one main loop which is performed during one time-step and two sub-loops to update the particles positions and the generated forces between them. When two particles are in-contact, the force and moment between them is computed based on their overlap. Then the positions of the particles are updated based on Newton’s second law. Finally, the macro-mechanical response of a granular material can be achieved by considering the micro-mechanical inter-particle relations.
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